Define the following terms.
$(i)$ Mineral $(ii)$ Ore $(iii)$ Gangue
$(i)$ Mineral : Most of the elements occur in nature as in combined state as minerals. The chemical composition of minerals is fixed.
$(ii)$ Ore : Minerals from which metals can be extracted profitably are known as ores.
$(iii)$ Gangue: The impurities (sand, silt, soil, gravel, etc.) present in the ore are called gangue.
Give reasons : Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery.
$(i)$ Write the electron-dot structures for sodium. oxygen and magnesium.
$(ii)$ Show the formation of $Na _{2} O$ and $MgO$ by the transfer of electrons.
$(iii)$ What are the ions present in these compounds ?
You must have seen tarnished copper vessels being cleaned with lemon or tamarind juice. Explain why these sour substances are effective in cleaning the vessels.
Give reasons : Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is used to make utensils for cooking.
In the electrolytic refining of a metal $M$, what would you take as the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte ?