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In the case of peppered moth (Biston betularia) the blackcoloured form became dominant over the lightcoloured form in England during industrial revolution. This is an example of
appearance of the darker coloured individuals due to very poor sunlight
protective mimicry
inheritance of darker colour character acquired due to the darker environment
natural selection whereby the darker forms were selected.
Solution
(d) : During post industrialisation period the tree trunk became dark due to industrial smoke and soots. White winged moths did not survive due to predators and dark winged moths survived because they were less easily seen by them against a dark background. Thus industrial melanism supports evolution by natural selection that favours the establishment of one particular advantageous mutation within a population.
