(a) : Clonal propagation can be characterized by $PCR$ and $RAPD$. The polymerase chain reaction $(PCR)$ technique, generates microgram $(\mu g)$ quantities of $DNA$ copies (upto billion copies) of the desired $DNA$ (or $RNA$) segment, present even as a single copy in the initial preparation, in a matter of few hours. $RAPD$ stands for Random Amplification of Polymorphic $DNA$. It is a type of $PCR$, but the segments of $DNA$ that are amplified are random. No knowledge of the $DNA$ sequence for the targeted gene is required, as the primers will bind somewhere in the sequence, but it is not certain exactly where. Its resolving power is much lower than targeted, species specific $DNA$ comparison methods, such as short tandem repeats.