Group of two or more than two plant species is called as

Both hydrarch and xerarch successions lead to

Assertion : Net primary productivity is gross primary productivity minus respiration.
Reason : Secondary productivity is produced by heterotrophs

Lichen is the pioneer vegetation on which succession?

In the dry weight of living beings ……$A$……$\%$ carbon present and ……$B$……$\%$ carbon dissolved in sea present on among whole earth and it is of ……$C$……$\%$ of whole carbon. $A -B – C$