In which era Protozoa, sponge and algae were originated?

Bacteriophage transfers $DNA$  from donor to recipient cell, this is called

The origin of seeds in the land plants was achieved about $345 \;million$ years ago, in lineages recognised as ancestral to all more advanced vascular plants in

'A brief reduction in size of a population, due to natural calamities, usually leads to random genetic drift'. For this statement, identify the correct example from the following.

H.J. Muller was awarded Nobel Prize for