Geographic speciation (allopatric speciation) Geographic barrier

$\downarrow$

Genetic divergence

$\downarrow$

Reproductive isolation

Speciation is an evolutionary process by which new biological species arises

There are five types of speciation $:$ allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatricand artificial

$(i)$ Allopatric Speciation It occurs when a species separates into two separate groups which are isolated from one another. A physical barrier, such as a mountain range or a waterway, makes it impossible to breed with one another. Each species develops differently, based on the demands of their unique habitat or the genetic characteristics of the group that are passed on to offspring

$(ii)$ Peripatric Speciation When small groups of individuals break off from the larger groups and forms new species, this is called peripatric speciation. As in allopatric speciation, physical barriers make it impossible for numbers of groups to interbreed with one another, the main difference between allopatic speciation and peripatric speciation is that in peripatric speciation, one group is much smaller than the other

$(iii)$ Parapatric Speciation A species is spread over a large geographic area. Although it is possible for any member of the species to mate with another member, individuals only mate with those in their own geographic region

$(iv)$ Sympatric Speciation Some scientists don't believes that this form exists. Sympatric speciation occurs when there are no physical barriers preventing any member of a species from mating with another and all members are in close proximity to one another.

A new species, perhaps based on a different food source of characteristics, seems to develop. The theory is that some individuals becomes dependent on certain aspects of an environment-such as shelter or food sources, while others do not

$(v)$ Artificial Speciation Is the creation of new species by people. This is achieved through lab experiments, where scientists mostly research insects like fruit files, and in animal husbandry. Animal husbandry is the care and breeding of livestock (animals). Many agricultural products, such as dairy, meat and wool, depends on animal husbandry