(d) : This one­way flow of information from $DNA$ to $mRNA$ and then to protein is called the central dogma of molecular biology by $F.H.C.$ Crick $(1958)$. But later on two American workers $H$. Temin and $D$. Baltimore reported that $DNA$ is also formed from $RNA$ in retroviruses, $e.g., HIV$. This is called reverse transcription or Teminism, $i.e.$,This reverse transcription occurs under the influence of reverse transcriptase enzyme. So, $HIV$ viruses does not follow central dogma.