Answer the following questions:

$(a)$ guarks inside protons and neutrons are thought to carry fractional charges $[(+2 / 3) e ; (-1 / 3) e] .$ Why do they not show up in Millikan's oil-drop experiment?

$(b)$ What is so special about the combination $e / m ?$ Why do we not simply talk of $e$ and $m$ separately?

$(c)$ Why should gases be insulators at ordinary pressures and start conducting at very low pressures?

$(d)$ Every metal has a definite work function. Why do all photoelectrons not come out with the same energy if incident radiation is monochromatic? Why is there an energy distribution of photoelectrons?

$(e)$ The energy and momentum of an electron are related to the frequency and wavelength of the assoctated matter wave by the relations:

$E=h v, p=\frac{h}{\lambda}$

But while the value of $\lambda$ is physically significant, the value of $v$ (and therefore, the value of the phase speed $v \lambda$ ) has no physical significance. Why?

Which of the following have highest specific charge

The charge on electron was discovered by

An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of $200$ volts. If $e/m$ for the electron be $1.6 \times {10^{11}}$ $coulomb/kg$ , the velocity acquired by the electron will be

In a Thomson set-up for the determination of e/m, electrons accelerated by $2.5$ $kV$ enter the region of crossed electric and magnetic fields of strengths $3.6 \times {10^4}V{m^{ – 1}}$ and $1.2 \times {10^{ – 3}}T$ respectively and go through undeflected. The measured value of $e/m$ of the electron is equal to