What will happen to an ecosystem if :
$(a)$ All producers are removed;
$(b)$ All organisms of herbivore level are eliminated; and
$(c)$ All top carnivore population is removed
$(a)$ If all producers are removed then primary productivity will be decreased. Therefore biomass will not be obtained to next successive/sequential higher equatorial trophic level or heterotrophic organisms.
$(b)$ If all herbivores organisms are removed primary productivity and biomass of producers will increase and carnivores animals will not be survived due to animals are not obtained as food.
$(c)$ By removing higher carnivores there would be disturbance in ecosystem because herbivores will be increased in number which destroy trees and produce desert region.
Secondary productivity is rate of formation ofnew organic matter by
Give differences : Grazing food chain and Detritus chain
Most animals that live in deep oceanic waters are
First link in any food chain is a green plant because
Cyberviatic is associated with