Obtain the expression of electric field at any point by continuous distribution of charge on a  $(i)$ line $(ii)$ surface $(iii)$ volume.

A spherical conductor of radius $12 \;cm$ has a charge of $1.6 \times 10^{-7} \;C$ distributed uniformly on its surface. What is the electric field

$(a)$ inside the sphere

$(b)$ just outside the sphere

$(c)$ at a point $18\; cm$ from the centre of the sphere?

A spherically symmetric charge distribution is considered with charge density varying as

$\rho(r)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\rho_{0}\left(\frac{3}{4}-\frac{r}{R}\right) & \text { for } r \leq R \\ \text { Zero } & \text { for } r>R\end{array}\right.$

Where, $r ( r < R )$ is the distance from the centre $O$ (as shown in figure). The electric field at point $P$ will be.

A charge $Q$ is uniformly distributed over a large square plate of copper. The electric  field at a point very close to the centre of the plane is $10\, V/m$. If the copper plate is  replaced by a plastic plate of the same geometrical dimensions and carrying the same  charge $Q$ uniformly distributed, then the electric field at the point $P$ will be……$V/m$

Consider a metal sphere of radius $R$ that is cut in two parts along a plane whose minimum distance from the sphere's centre is $h$. Sphere is uniformly charged by a total electric charge $Q$. The minimum force necessary to hold the two parts of the sphere together, is