In an alpha particle scattering experiment distance of closest approach for the $\alpha$ particle is $4.5 \times 10^{-14} \mathrm{~m}$. If target nucleus has atomic number $80$ , then maximum velocity of $\alpha$-particle is . . . . .. $\times 10^5$ $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ approximately.

$\left(\frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0}=9 \times 10^9 \mathrm{SI}\right.$ unit, mass of $\alpha$ particle $=$ $\left.6.72 \times 10^{-27} \mathrm{~kg}\right)$

Consider the following statements:

$I$. All isotopes of an element have the same number of neutrons.

$II$. Only one isotope of an element can be stable and non-radioactive.

$III$. All elements have isotopes.

$IV$. All isotopes of carbon can form chemical compounds with oxygen-$16$.

Choose the correct option regarding an isotope.

Choose the correct alternative from the clues given at the end of the each statement:

$(a)$ The size of the atom in Thomson’s model is .......... the atomic size in Rutherford’s model. (much greater than/no different from/much less than.)

$(b)$ In the ground state of .......... electrons are in stable equilibrium, while in .......... electrons always experience a net force. (Thomson’s model/ Rutherford’s model.)

$(c)$ A classical atom based on .......... is doomed to collapse. (Thomson’s model/ Rutherford’s model.)

$(d)$ An atom has a nearly continuous mass distribution in a .......... but has a highly non-uniform mass distribution in .......... (Thomson’s model/ Rutherford’s model.)

$(e)$ The positively charged part of the atom possesses most of the mass in .......... (Rutherford’s model/both the models.)

In 1911 , the physicist Ernest Rutherford discovered that atoms have a tiny, dense nucleus by shooting positively charged particles at a very thin gold foil. A key physical property which led Rutherford to use gold was that it was

Which scientist gave plum pudding model of the atom ? 

What is impact parameter ?