The length of a cylinder is measured with a meter rod having least count $0.1\, cm$. Its diameter is measured with vernier calipers having least count $0.01\, cm$. Given that length is $5.0 \,cm$. and radius is $2.0 \,cm$. The percentage error in the calculated value of the volume will be ......... $\%$

Explain error of a sum or a difference.

The initial and final temperatures of water as recorded by an observer are $(40.6 \pm 0.2)^{\circ} C$ and $(78.9 \pm 0.3)^{\circ} C .$ Calculate the rise in temperature with proper error limits.

Explain uncertainty or error in given measurement by suitable example.

The relative error in resistivity of a material where

resistance $= 1.05 \pm 0.01\, \Omega$

diameter $= 0.60 \pm 0.01\, mm$

length $= 75.3 \pm 0.1 \,cm$ is

In an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity $g$, the formula used for the time period of a periodic motion is $T=2 \pi \sqrt{\frac{7(R-r)}{5 g}}$. The values of $R$ and $r$ are measured to be $(60 \pm 1) \mathrm{mm}$ and $(10 \pm 1) \mathrm{mm}$, respectively. In five successive measurements, the time period is found to be $0.52 \mathrm{~s}, 0.56 \mathrm{~s}, 0.57 \mathrm{~s}, 0.54 \mathrm{~s}$ and $0.59 \mathrm{~s}$. The least count of the watch used for the measurement of time period is $0.01 \mathrm{~s}$. Which of the following statement($s$) is(are) true?

($A$) The error in the measurement of $r$ is $10 \%$

($B$) The error in the measurement of $T$ is $3.57 \%$

($C$) The error in the measurement of $T$ is $2 \%$

($D$) The error in the determined value of $g$ is $11 \%$