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Consider $f: R _{+} \rightarrow[4, \infty)$ given by $f(x)=x^{2}+4 .$ Show that $f$ is invertible with the inverse $f^{-1}$ of $f$ given by $f^{-1}(y)=\sqrt{y-4},$ where $R ^{+}$ is the set of all non-negative real numbers.
Solution
$f: R_{+} \rightarrow[4, \infty)$ is given as $f(x)=x^{2}+4$
For one – one
Let $f ( x )= f ( y )$
$\Rightarrow x^{2}+4=y^{2}+4$
$\Rightarrow x^{2}=y^{2}$
$\Rightarrow x = y$ $[$ as $x=y \in R_+]$
$\therefore f$ is a one $-$ one function.
For onto
For $y \in[4, \infty),$ let $y=x^{2}+4$
$\Rightarrow x^{2}=y-4 \geq 0$ $[$ as $y \geq 4]$
$\Rightarrow x=\sqrt{Y-4} \geq 0$
Therefore, for any $y \in[4, \infty)$, there exists $x=\sqrt{Y-4} \in R_+$, such that
$f(x)=f(\sqrt{y-4})=(\sqrt{y-4})^{2}+4=y-4+4=y$
$\therefore$ $f$ is onto.
Thus, $f$ is one – one and onto and therefore, $f^{-1}$ exists.
Let us define $g:$ $[4, \infty) \rightarrow R +$ by $g ( y )=\sqrt{Y-4}$
Now,
$(gof)(x)=g(f(x))=g\left(x^{2}+4\right)=\sqrt{\left(x^{2}+4\right)-4}=\sqrt{x^{2}}=x$
and
$(f o g)(y)=f(g(y))=f(\sqrt{Y-4})=(\sqrt{Y-4})^{2}+4=y-4+4=y$
$\therefore $ $gof= fog = I _{ R }$
Hence, $f$ is invertible and the inverse of $f$ is given by $f^{1}(y)=g(y)=\sqrt{y-4}$