The work which is required to be done to make an arrangement of four particles each having a charge $+q$ such that the particles lie at the four corners of a square of side $a$ is .......

There is a uniform spherically symmetric surface charge density at a distance $R_0$ from the origin. The charge distribution is initially at rest and starts expanding because of mutual repulsion. The figure that represents best the speed $V(R(t))$ of the distribution as a function of its instantaneous radius $R(t)$ is

${\rm{ }}1\,ne\,V{\rm{ }} = {\rm{ }}......\,J.$ (Fill in the gap)

A particle of charge $q$ and mass $m$ is subjected to an electric field $E = E _{0}\left(1- ax ^{2}\right)$ in the $x-$direction, where $a$ and $E _{0}$ are constants. Initially the particle was at rest at $x=0 .$ Other than the initial position the kinetic energy of the particle becomes zero when the distance of the particle from the origin is

A square of side ‘$a$’ has charge $Q$ at its centre and charge ‘$q$’ at one of the corners. The work required to be done in moving the charge ‘$q$’ from the corner to the diagonally opposite corner is

A proton of mass $m$ and charge $e$ is projected from a very large distance towards an $\alpha$-particle with velocity $v$. Initially $\alpha$-particle is at rest, but it is free to move. If gravity is neglected, then the minimum separation along the straight line of their motion will be