A physical quantity $'x'$ is calculated from the relation $x = \frac{{{a^2}{b^3}}}{{c\sqrt d }}$ in $a$,$b$,$c$ and $d$ are $2\%$, $1 \%$, $3\%$ and $4\%$ respectively, what is the percentage error in $x$.

Two resistors of resistances $R_{1}=100 \pm 3$ $ohm$ and $R_{2}=200 \pm 4$ $ohm$ are connected $(a)$ in series, $(b)$ in parallel. Find the equivalent resistance of the $(a)$ series combination, $(b)$ parallel combination. Use for $(a)$ the relation $R=R_{1}+R_{2}$ and for $(b)$ $\frac{1}{R^{\prime}}=\frac{1}{R_{1}}+\frac{1}{R_{2}}$ and $\frac{\Delta R^{\prime}}{R^{\prime 2}}=\frac{\Delta R_{1}}{R_{1}^{2}}+\frac{\Delta R_{2}}{R_{2}^{2}}$

The two specific heat capacities of a gas are measured as $C_P = (12.28 \pm 0.2)\, units$ and $C_V = (3.97 \pm 0.3)\, unit$. Find the value of the gas constant $(R)$

Explain uncertainty or error in given measurement by suitable example.

The maximum error in the measurement of resistance, current and time for which current flows in an electrical circuit are $1 \%, 2 \%$ and $3 \%$ respectively. The maximum percentage error in the detection of the dissipated heat will be