Write Gauss’s law and give its expression.

A charge $q$ is placed at the center of one of the surface of a cube. The flux linked with the cube is :-

An infinitely long thin non-conducting wire is parallel to the $z$-axis and carries a uniform line charge density $\lambda$. It pierces a thin non-conducting spherical shell of radius $R$ in such a way that the arc $PQ$ subtends an angle $120^{\circ}$ at the centre $O$ of the spherical shell, as shown in the figure. The permittivity of free space is $\epsilon_0$. Which of the following statements is (are) true?

$(A)$ The electric flux through the shell is $\sqrt{3} R \lambda / \epsilon_0$

$(B)$ The z-component of the electric field is zero at all the points on the surface of the shell

$(C)$ The electric flux through the shell is $\sqrt{2} R \lambda / \epsilon_0$

$(D)$ The electric field is normal to the surface of the shell at all points

Why do electric field lines not form closed loop ?

What can be said for electric charge if electric flux assocaited with closed loop is zero ?

A circular disc of radius $R$ carries surface charge density $\sigma(r)=\sigma_0\left(1-\frac{r}{R}\right)$, where $\sigma_0$ is a constant and $r$ is the distance from the center of the disc. Electric flux through a large spherical surface that encloses the charged disc completely is $\phi_0$. Electric flux through another spherical surface of radius $\frac{R}{4}$ and concentric with the disc is $\phi$. Then the ratio $\frac{\phi_0}{\phi}$ is. . . . . .