Consider an initially neutral hollow conducting spherical shell with inner radius $r$ and outer radius $2 r$. A point charge $+Q$ is now placed inside the shell at a distance $r / 2$ from the centre. The shell is then grounded by connecting the outer surface to the earth. $P$ is an external point at a distance $2 r$ from the point charge $+Q$ on the line passing through the centre and the point charge $+Q$ as shown in the figure. The magnitude of the force on a test charge $+q$ placed at $P$ will be

A spherical conducting shell of inner radius $r_1$ and outer radius $r_2$ has a charge $Q. $

$(a)$ A charge $q$ is placed at the centre of the shell. What is the surface charge density on the inner and outer surfaces of the shell?

$(b)$ Is the electric field inside a cavity (with no charge) zero, even if the shell is not spherical, but has any irregular shape? Explain.

Four metal conductors having different shapes

$1.$  A sphere     $2.$  Cylindrical

$3.$  Pear            $4.$  Lightning conductor

are mounted on insulating stands and charged. The one which is best suited to retain the charges for a longer time is

A conducting sphere $A$ of radius $a$, with charge $Q$, is placed concentrically inside a conducting shell $B$ of radius $b$. $B$ is earthed. $C$ is the common centre of the $A$ and $B$. 

Three concentric metallic spherical shells of radii $R, 2R, 3R$, are given charges $Q_1, Q_2, Q_3$, respectively. It is found that the surface charge densities on the outer surfaces of the shells are equal. Then, the ratio of the charges given to the shells, $Q_1 : Q_2 : Q_3$ is